Although Fe-S clusters may assemble spontaneously from elemental iron and sulfur in protein-free systems, the potential toxicity of free Fe2+, Fe3+, and S2- ions in aerobic environments underscores the requirement for specialized proteins to oversee the safe assembly of Fe-S clusters in living cells, including frataxin. This paper describes approaches developed to reconstitute the human Fe-S cluster assembly machinery in Escherichia coli and to define its remarkable architecture.
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